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SQLite does not currently have the ability to precompile. But perhaps this will be added as a future enhancement.
How much of a speed advantage can be expected? To test this, I profiled version 2.8.1 on a script of 51000 INSERT statements. When writing to an in-memory database, the execution of the statements required about 36.3% of the time and the parsing and code generation required 43.1% of the time. The remaining 20.6% was used to read the test script off of disk. For a disk-based database, the numbers were 59.0% for execution, 33.3% for parsing and code generation, and 7.3% for reading the script. These measurements suggest a speed increase of between 150% to 225% can be achieved by reusing a previously compiled program.
The results above are for individual INSERT statements that add a single row of data to the database. For complex SELECT statements or INSERT statements that take their data from a SELECT, many rows of data are visited and the speed advantage of precompiling is greatly reduced.